Circuit Switching Versus Packet Switching

Circuit Switching Versus Packet Switching Nurhazimah Binti Mohd Za’ba Nursyafikah Binti Farakkasi   Nursyahirah Binti Mohd Sanusi   Nur Hidayu Binti Salleh Nur Syafiqah Binti Zulkiflee Nurul Ain Binti Mohd Nassir Adabi ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to describe difference between packet switching and circuit switching. Circuit switching is dedicated communication between two stations that connected sequence of links between network nodes. It consist 3 phase communication which are establish, transfer and disconnect. Packet switching is data transmitted in small packets that each packet contains a portion of user data plus some control information. There are a few difference between packet switching and circuit switching include the bandwidth, dedicated path, call setup delay and so on. INTRODUCTION In telecommunication networks they carried the information signals among an entity involved in the process of information transfer which may be in the form of a telephone conversation. In order to connect multiple devices, it must be point to point connection between pair of devices which we called as switches. Unfortunately, it will increase the number of connection. There are two types of switching techniques including circuit switching and packet switching. Switching is a collection of switching elements arranged and controlled to setup communication path between any distant points. Circuit switching is a network which allows the associated voice which it will followed between the two respective users refer in the Figure 1 is the circuit switching network.. The end to end communication was established during the duration of the call. It is a dedicated link or path which established between the sender and the receiver. It is maintained for the entire duration of the conversation. Figure 1: Circuit SwitchingNetwork Packet switching is a network which it does not requires establishing the connection in initially. Next, the connection or channel available usually used by many users. But, if the capacity of the users increases, it will lead to congestion in the network. This network mainly used for data and voice applications requiring non-real time scenarios. It also can handle in two ways which are datagram and virtual circuit refer Figure 2 is the Packet Switching network. Figure 2: Packet Switching Network. LITERATURE REVIEW Data communications have been achieved by using a variety network such as PSTN, leased-lines and more recently ISDN and ATM/ Frame relay. These networks are partly or totally analogue or digital using technology such as circuit-switching, packet-switching etc. Main difference between Packet Switching and Circuit switching is that communication lines are not dedicated to passing massage from the sources to the destination. In Packet Switching, different message (and even different packet) can passed through the routes, and when there is a ‘dead time† in the communication between the source and the destination, the lines can be used by other sources. Oguntala George Adeyinka(2013) said that packet switching is an attempt to make a better utilization of the existing network by splitting the message to be sent to packets. Each packet contains information about the sender, the receiver, the position of the packet in the message as well as part of the actual massage. There are many protocols defining the ways packet can be sent from the sender to the receiver. Then, Pablo Molinero-Fernandez Nick McKeown (2004) said that Circuit Switching can be decomposed into a fast path without per-packet processing, and a slower path for establishing/releasing circuit, which is similar in complexity to forwarding a single packet in Packet Switching. However the slow path needs to be taken much less often (for example, the average TCP connection lasts more than 10 packets, which mean that connection are established at an average rate at least 1/10 that of packet processing in router ). For these, we argue that circuit switches can operate much faster than packet switches. The concept of packet switching had two independent beginnings, with Paul Baran and Donald Davies [4]. Leonard Kleinrock [5] conducted early research and authored a book in 1961 in the related field of digital massage switching (without explicity using the concept of the packet), and also later a played a leading roles in building and management of the world’s first packet switched network, namely the ARPANET. After that, K.Giridhar stated Packet switching is also called connectionless networking because no connections are established. The advantage of the connectionless packet model in that packets are forwarded independent of other packets. Packets are forwarded on the fly by routers based on the most current best path to a destination. If a link or routers fails, packets are quickly diverted along another path. Dr.FaridFarahmandDR.Qiong (Jo) Zhang stated the most common example of a circuit-switched network can be found in public telephone network (PTN) supporting services such as POTS (plain old telephone system) and long distances calls. Other examples of a circuit switched services are integrated service digital network (ISDN) and switched 56, 64, 384 (Kbps) services. The majority of wireless application protocols (WAP) enables phone also operate on top of circuit-switched networks. Furthermore, many public networks dedicated to data transport also use circuit-switching techniques; an example of a network in Europe is circuit-switched public data network (CSPDN), which transport data on circuit-switching networks using the X.21 protocol. Circuit-switching also has wide applications in optical networks including wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) systems and WDM SONET networks. METHODOLOGY Topic for our assignment is packet switching. We make a research to get the information about this topic in library and also internet. There’s a lot information we get from internet that give information about definition, benefit and function. The definition of packet switching give us simple introduction to us to understand the concept of packet switching. After we understand the concept, we find out the article or journal from internet that can give us a more information about packet switching. The article must be from year 2012 to make sure that information are relevant with our topic and current study. This article can be found from OPAC system that can used in library website. Every article has their own writer and bibliographic databases that make us easier to find the reference if there’s a question refer to packet switching if we are not understand to topic. In internet, we find extra information by inserting the term of packet switching in key words in Google t o get more explanation about function of packet switching. The bibliographies are used for us for further study and this way give us more information packet switching. The journal is created by other university and this journal help us to understand the topic. The history about packet switching also found in internet and the technology in packet switching also change and it make data can be transfer in good ways even though the data is large. Based from the information get from internet will make us more understand about the topic and help us to success give simple explanation about the topic of packet switching in report. After make research in internet, we go to library to find information regarding our topic which is packet switching. There’s some book that have some explanation about the benefit of packet switching. We also know about the main concept of packet switching from the book in library. The main concepts give more information about how the packet switching work in real situation. After that, we know the weakness and benefit of packet switching in transfer data in computer or cellphone. Even this packet switching have a disadvantage when transferring the data and it still can function more efficient after they develop a new technology this make sure the data can send to location. We also can refer from our senior journal in library after they done their final year project which related with topic packet switching. This information can help us to know the function packet switching with a technology that still use the concept during transferring data in destination address in packet. We also make a small interview with a friend who already work in IT department but the information that we get from him are not related to our topic. So, we are not use that information to be write in this report. Lastly, we combine all the information about packet switching that we found from internet, journal and book to be write in this report. Before we write this report, we already discuss and make some explanations in this report to make sure this report are occupy our objective to understand the topic of packet switching. We try to help each other understand the topic based from information we get from internet , journal , article and book. Everyone have knowledge and information after done this project that can be used in career life. We take about more than one month to finish this research and this report can be use as reference for our junior if they want to continue this research in their present time in future. CONCLUSION At the end of this article, we present the two switching techniques used in networks: circuit switching and packet switching; whereas datagram packet switching and virtual circuit packet switching. Then, we also are able to compare a difference between circuit switching and packet switching. REFERENCES [1] Oguntala George Adeyinka, â€Å"Network Solution, Applications and challenges of Mobile Computing In Africa,† International Journal of Scientific Engineering Research, volume 4, issues 10, pp. 884-889, October 2013. [3] Pablo Molinero-Fernandez Nick McKeown, The Performances of Circuit Switching in the Internet, Computer System Laboratory, Stanford University (2004). [4] Roberts L.G (1978). The Evolution of Packet Switching, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.66, no11, pp.1307-1313. 1978. [5] Kleinrock L. (1961), Information Flow in Large Communication Nets, RLE Quarterly Progress Report, July 1961. [6] K.Giridhar, â€Å"Packet Switched Data Network and Its Evolution†, Information Technology and Communications Resources for development, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (Tenet) Group, Department Of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute Of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, India (2007). [7] Dr.Farid Farahmand DR.Qiong (Jo) Zhang, Circuit Switching, Central Connecticut State University Arizona State University at West Campus (2007). [8]  http://www.slideshare.net/sdsnehaldalvi/circuit-switching-packet-switching [9] Telecommunication System Engineering, Technical University of Malaysia Malacca, chapter 5.

Born To Kill report :: essays research papers

Born To Kill   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This book was an extremely captivating read that I had a hard time putting down. This exciting novel was about an upstart gang of Vietnamese youths that formed in Chinatown who violently made their presence felt, they were known by the name Born to Kill. This book had many legal issues that we discussed in class and only a couple of issues that were not handled correctly in my eyes. This is a book that anyone that is interested in Asian organized crime should read. During the Vietnam War many people fled from Vietnam to America in order to start a new life of prosperity and to forget the horrors of the war. When many families fled they were either separated, or the parents only had the money to send one child. The latter was the case with most of the boys in the Born to Kill gang. They all came to America as refugees and were placed in foster homes that were some times no better than the camps that they had recently survived. When they found other people from Vietnam that offered an alternative solution, they were willing to do anything to repay the debt of loyalty they felt to there benefactor, in this case David Thai. The book mainly revolved around one main person Tinh Ngo, a member of the gang. Through out the book Tinh or Timmy as he was called, ran the entire gambit of emotions from total loyally to being flipped and being the key witness in the federal case against the main players in the gang. The gang committed every kind of crime from petty robberies to murder. Tinh started his career as a criminal by robbing a message parlor in Chinatown that was in rival gang territory this robbery was a simple one that went off without a hitch, it gave him a false sense of ease in committing robberies. Over the months Tinhs involvement in crimes escalated until he was arrested, for the first time, and he spent some time in prison. This disenchanted him some about the gang life and killed some of his feeling of invulnerability. When Tinh was released from prison he resumed his role within the gang, starting right back up with the robberies and such. As time passed Tinh became a trusted member of the gang and became very close to the main players such as David Thai, Lan Tram and others.

Memo of Marketing Strategy Essay

Like water to fish, the basic reasons that determine the development of a company is called general environment, which includes: demographic reasons, cultural trends, economic climate, legal and political condition, specific international events, and technological change. General environment can be a threat or opportunity for companies, it depends on how deeply companies understand and make use of it. When companies can know the general environment they are facing, they will change their products and services in accordance with the culture they are facing. If companies do not understand the environment very well, they will lose a large sum of money. From my perspective, the three dimensions below are most vital. As for demographic reasons, it contains the attributes of individuals in terms of age, sex, marital status, income, ethnicity and other personal characteristics that may affect consuming patterns. In order to make money, knowing the demographic features of the areas are crucial. Since the new entrant Wall Street Deli is opening a few blocks away, it is necessary for us to keep our business information as a secret. Our advantage is that we have been in this area a long time, we know exactly what our customers’ attributes. Besides, economic climate has a remarkable influence on the business. American economy is in recession now, so Hometown Deli has to think of some ways to stimulate consuming. They can do some discounts like dinner specials or buy two and get one free. Next, the technology can be beneficial to firms but also creates threats, as technological changes force the restaurant to think of new technological strategies. When people are waiting in line, the restaurant can provide some services like upgrading customers’ electronic devices system. They can also provide some competitions for customers to play games in case they got bored. The Porter’s Five Forces Model indicates five most common threats faced by the firms in their local competitive environments. These are threat of entry, threat of rivalry, threat of buyers, threat of substitutes and threat of suppliers. Wall Street Deli is a threat of entry to Hometown Deli, the former may reduce the profits of the latter. In addition, when Hometown Deli cannot keep their competitive advantage and satisfy customers, Wall street Deli provides superior services, the former will lose as soon as possible. The rivalry influences Hometown Deli by fierce competitions and will reduce their profits. Plus, when the supplier Hometown Deli fails to satisfy buyers, customers will not consume and fire it. If the substitute Wall Street Deli offers approximately same or superior services and products than Hometown Deli, the former will not acquire their customers and profits. For Porter’s performance, Hometown Deli manages to use the cost of leadership strategy by gaining more market share in the price war. The firm sells their product either at average prices or lower prices than their rivals. They also use efficient distribution channels or mature services and products to make more profits. Another one is differentiation strategy. By creating unique products and services, the firms can attract more customers. They should be a leader of the scientific research, have a highly creative and skilled product development team, strong sales ability and influential reputation for innovation and quality. What is more, the strategy concentrates on achieving cost advantage and differentiation by developing their strengths and occupying narrow markets. By the way, it is not rational to exploit the three strategies at the same time, since no business can do everything well. Based on the markets and environment, firms should adopt different strategies. For Hometown Deli, it is essential to keep their recipe as a secret and provide same or even better services than they used to have.

Essay on The Tuskegee Syphilis Study essays

Essay on The Tuskegee Syphilis Study essays The Tuskegee Syphilis Study has become the most transcendental, harm-maker example of racism in the medical field. It is shameful, for in an area as important as the medical one, where lives come and go, issues such as this one should never be taken in consideration by anyone whos capable of destroying or saving a life. I has shown through the years that it was an unethical experiment, and it has brought resentments that we still face in this time of life. It prone many African Americans, who were not aware, to decay their health, and to consequently loose their trust over the health system and organizations 1 through out the United States, and even to the people. Disregarding the lives it took, and the many people who suffered from it, the Study made much harm in a social context than any other experiment in the history of medicine. In my point of view, it affected the society in which we live today in the three following features. First and most important of all. It damaged the trust that many African Americans had toward the health system. 2 It has always been known that in order of something to work, people must first believe in it. A system cant and will not work as it should, when members of the group whom are going to be benefited from it, believe that in exchange, they could be harmed. It is never going to go forward since members of the society which feed this system are pulling it backwards. And they have a reason and even a right to not be looking forward to seek help from the health system. And the only good thing this event brings is that, to see the offense the members of the white society who participated in the Tuskegee Study created, is going to let other members of the medical field realize that there is work to do to undamage and liberate African Americans from that distrust. I would not like to generalize, since Im pretty sure not every African American feels this way toward the ...

How to Create the Ideal Study Space

How to Create the Ideal Study Space Your study space is critical to your ability to study effectively. This doesnt necessarily imply that you have to find a place thats completely silent and set it up as your study area, but it does mean you should find a place to study that fits your specific personality and learning style. Identifying Your Ideal Study Space Everyone has different study preferences. Some of us need a completely quiet room free from any audible distractions. Others actually study better listening to quiet music in the background or taking several breaks. You will study most effectively if you make your study time special, like a ceremony. Assign yourself a specific place and regular time. Some students even give a name to their study space.It might sound crazy, but it works. By naming your study space, you generate more respect for your own space. It might just keep your little brother away from your things too! Creating Your Study Space Evaluate your personality and preferences. Discover whether or not you are vulnerable to noise and other distractions. Also determine if you work better by sitting quietly for a long period of time or if you need to take short breaks once in awhile and then return to your work.Identify the space and claim it. Your bedroom may be the best place to study, or it may not be. Some students associate their bedrooms with rest and simply cant concentrate there.A bedroom can also be problematic  if you share a room with a sibling. If you need a quiet place without distraction, it might be better for you to set up a place in the attic, basement, or garage, completely away from others.Make sure your study area is comfortable. It is very important to set up your computer and chair in a way that wont harm your hands, wrists and neck. Make sure you chair and monitor are the right height and lend themselves to a proper ergonomic position for hours of comfortable studying. Take care to avoid repet itive stress injury as this can lead to lifelong difficulties. Next, stock your study space with all the tools and supplies you’ll need, and make sure the space is comfortable in temperature. Establish study rules. Avoid unnecessary arguments and misunderstandings with your parents by establishing when and how you study.If you know that you are able to study effectively by taking breaks, just say so. You may want to create a homework contract. Communicate with your parents and explain the ways in which you study best and why its important for your to take breaks, listen to music, grab a snack, or make use of whatever method best enables effective studying.

Business Plan for PISE CONNECTION, INC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Business Plan for PISE CONNECTION, INC - Essay Example ascertaining what the customer and their youth groups need and thereafter design a tailor made program that fits their needs rather than generalities that are sometimes presented at large conference settings such as Youth Work Central, or the National Youth Workers Convention. The founder possesses a Masters of Arts Degree in Human Services: Christian Ministries and is currently working on an MBA in Management & Leadership. In addition, he has 30 years’ experience in youth ministry as a volunteer, youth counselor, and a youth director. Currently, she is the district youth directress for East Florida & Bethany Children and Youth Department, which consists of 23 churches. Dr. Earnest Whitley is the only partner in the company. He possesses a Ph.D. in psychology; he is a consultant and a professor in areas of individual, family and group counseling and psychotherapy. My startup venture is a â€Å"Youth Worker Training & consulting Agency.† I will provide and present information in terms of the scope or overall perspective of youth ministry for the postmodern youth worker by providing workshops, speaking engagements, consulting and seminars to disseminate relevant information pertaining to all kinds of issues of Christian adolescents and teens. Youth ministry for the most part has failed to grasp the hearts and minds of the young people of the church, resulting in falling away of our youth. In an attempt to curb the decline of youth church affiliation, churches have looked for ways to keep their youth in the churches. One strategy has been hiring youth pastors or workers (Goreham, 2004). Although there are passionate, highly motivated youth worker who have been working with children for years, most of them are not equipped to provide the skills adolescents and teens need to navigate through the difficult obstacles they face in this contemporary highly advanced globalized technical broadband connected world. These technological realities put teens in touch

Interview Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interview Paper - Essay Example In modern organizations, the HR department considered to be of strategic importance. The concept of SHRM (strategic human resource management) is now widely acknowledged and applied. SHRM links human resource management with the strategic management of a company (Uysal, 2013). Despite these developments, human resource management has continued to experience growing challenges. This has been mainly because of the changes affecting it. For example, globalization has affected human resource management in various ways. Today, organizations have to deal with employees from different countries and cultures. Moreover, organizations have to deal with different age groups of employees including the old generations and the young generations. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the management of gender and generational issues in the workplace. The paper is based on an interview with a former colleague who is called Cherry. She is the training manager in the HR department at Sheraton Donggua n Hotel in China. Cherry is a female. She works in with other people in the hotel. In terms of gender ratio, the hotel has more female employees than men. Out of the eight employees, seven are female and one is male. This means that there is gender imbalance because only one male employee works with seven female employees. As the training manager in HR department, Cherry often deals with these employees. Her role involves identifying the training needs for the employees and organizing training programs for them. Therefore, she meets with them often. Although Cherry is female, she prefers working with the male employees. Apparently, she considers male and female employees to be quite different. According to her, male employees are more rational in their thinking and generous. However, Cherry feels that women are more emotional, which often affects their